Laser Marking of ECC 200 2D Matrix Codes on Printed Circuit Boards

Manufacturers of electronic devices, from home audio equipment to automotive keyless entry systems, are increasingly seeking a first-rate, cost effective plan for uniquely identifying and tracking products through the manufacturing cycle, sales distribution and after-sale warranty verification. An autonomous, automated tracking system requires that a permanent, machine-readable code be applied to an internal printed circuit board to uniquely identify each product. The code must be durable enough to survive manufacturing processes including wave solder and board cleaning, must not affect circuit performance, and must store information in the microscopic place available on real-estate conscious printed circuit boards.

The 2D matrix code provides a means to store alphanumeric character strings in very tiny areas of the printed circuit board. Laser marking technology provides a draw for permanently applying 2D matrix codes to most board substrates. The high-resolution and high-accuracy of beam-steered laser marking systems provides the means to execute well defined, high reliability codes regardless of code size. Laser marking also provides the user with a computer-controlled marking process for easy implementation into automated product tracking systems.

ECC 200 2D Matrix Codes

Two-dimensional symbologies encode information in the earn of a checkerboard pattern of on/off cells. Specific advantages of Data Matrix codes over dilapidated 1D barcodes include:

· Encode information digitally, as opposed to the analog encoding of data in stale barcodes.

· Can accommodate low-contrast printing directly on parts without requiring a sign

· Offer very high information density - the highest among other celebrated 2D codes, which means that you can status a lot of information in a very limited residence.

· They are scaleable, which means that you can print them and read them in various levels of magnification - only small by the resolution of the available printing and imaging techniques.

· Due to the high information density inherent to Data Matrix codes, they also offer built-in error-correction techniques which allow fully recovering the message encoded in a Data Matrix symbol even if the ticket is damaged and missing as mighty as 20% of the symbol.

· They are read by video cameras as opposed to a scanned laser beam primitive for reading venerable barcodes, which means that they can be read in any orientation.

ECC 200 Data Matrix is the most accepted 2-D symbology with extensive spend in automotive, aerospace, electronics, semiconductor, medical devices and other manufacturing unit-level traceability applications. Data Matrix codes are typically not replacing customary linear barcodes, but are being primitive where old-fashioned barcodes were too substantial, did not provide sufficient storage capacity, or were unreadable.

Data Matrix Code Structure

The 2D matrix codes appear as a "checkerboard" with the individual squares (cells) in either on on (white) or off (unlit) residence. The code consists of four certain elements.

· The Finder "L" Pattern consists of a solid row of cells along the left edge and bottom of the code that orients the reader to the layout of the 2D code.

· The Clock Track is a sequence of on/off cells along the true edge and top of the code that designates the row/column count to the reader.

· The Data dwelling is the pattern of unlit and white cells within the L pattern and the clock tracks that occupy the alphanumeric verbalize of the code.

· The calm Zone around the code must be free of any features that may be visible to the reader. The mild zone should be at least two rows/columns wide for codes constructed of square cells. The unruffled zone should be at least four rows/columns wide for codes constructed of circular cells (dots) .

ECC 200 Data Matrix codes can store up to 3,116 numeric, 2,335 alphanumeric characters or 1,555 bytes of binary information in a 144 column by 144 row array. More realistic symbol dimensions for printed circuit boards can aloof bear a important amount of information.

Laser Marking System

The laser marking system consists of the laser source, the beam-shaping optics, and the beam-steering system.

The laser is a light amplifier generating a shining, collimated beam of light at a specific wavelength. For FR4 and solder screen applications, most users determine the air-cooled CO2 laser operating at the 10,640nm far-infrared wavelength. This laser offers several performance and cost advantages, and produces estimable marking results.

The laser beam is projected through two beam-deflecting mirrors mounted to high-speed, high-accuracy galvanometers. As the mirrors are rotated under direction of the system computer, the laser beam scans across the target marking surface to "plan" the desired marking image.

After the laser beam is deflected from the beam-steering mirrors, it is focused to the smallest set possible by flat-field focusing optics. The flat-field focusing assembly is a multi-element optical intention designed to have the focal plane of the focused laser beam on a relatively flat plane throughout the marking field. The focused laser light significantly increases the power density and associated marking power.

The function of the laser optical thunder is to focus the laser beam to a slight residence and to scan the laser beam over the target surface with high race and accuracy. With the CO2 laser configuration, the focused site diameter and associated marking line width is about 0.0035" to 0.004". Man-readable text characters can be as exiguous as 0.040" and 2D matrix codes can be constructed from individual features as exiguous as a single 0.004" dot.

PCB Marking

To notice printed circuit boards, the heat generated by the laser beam thermally alters the surface of the board to earn a contrasting, legible imprint. The process does not require labels, stencils, punches or any other auxiliary hardware or consumable.

For printed circuit board applications, several different variations of this technique can be ragged for different board/coating materials and background conditions.

· Solder veil or other Conformal Coatings on FR4 Boards -

The laser beam can alter the texture of the coating, giving it a lighter contrasting appearance, or can completely capture the coating to point to the underlying substrate or copper ground plane.

· Uncoated FR4 -

The laser beam alters the texture of the surface of the FR4 producing a come white appearance.

· Silk-screened Ink Block -

For users who already silkscreen component identification or other fixed information on the boards, a silk-screened white ink block can function as a background to the 2D matrix code to optimize readability. This technique is particularly agreeable when…

o The background color of the board is similar to the color of the laser sign.

o Underlying circuitry would obscure the marking image to code readers.

o The board material is not favorable for laser marking, such as ceramic substrates.

2D Matrix Code Verification

Verification of the legibility and issue of the 2D matrix codes is an valuable step in the overall quality program. After marking of each circuit, the reader verifies the integrity of the trace before indexing the laser marking head to the next marking status. The reader retrieves the alphanumeric text string from the 2D code and compares it with the text string that was to be marked.

The reader also evaluates the legibility of the code based on a variety of parameters including foreground/background inequity, geometric accuracy (skew, squareness, etc.) and the dimensional accuracy of both the marked and unmarked cells. The 2D matrix codes are then categorized as passed (green), warned (yellow) or failed (red) . For overall production efficiency, the laser system can be programmed to verify only a lift few 2D codes on a panel, then to automatically switch to verifying every code if the code legibility falls below a specified level.

Today's readers do an splendid job reading lower dissimilarity 2D codes. If the laser marking system is installed on an assembly line with older 2D matrix readers downstream from the laser marker, the verification reader can be configured to evaluate the codes based on the performance of the older downstream readers to yelp consistent performance throughout the assembly process.

Marking Performance

The typical printed circuit board marker is a fully automated, SMEMA-compliant, through-conveyor laser marking system. The overall productivity of the laser marker is comprised of several steps that acquire up the marking cycle. The steps required to label one multi-array panel are…

1. Transport and positioning of the panel in the marking situation.

2. Fiducial site detection (optional)

3. Marking of the first circuit in the array

4. Verification of the marked 2D matrix code (optional)

5. Motion of the laser marking head to the next circuit in the array.

6. reveal steps 3 and 4 for the remaining circuits in the array.

7. Transport of the panel out of the laser marking system (synonymous with bringing the next panel in)

Cost of Operation

Cost of operation is powerful less than $1.00 per hour. Typical utilities requirements are 110VAC, 1-phase, 12A. A compressed air source is required for the pneumatics. Total utilities costs at maximum laser power (the laser should actually operate at less then 80% rated power) are $0.12 per hour. The famous consumable item is the CO2 laser tube that must be replaced every 3 to 5 years at a cost of typically $1,000.00 to $1,500.00. Assuming a 40-hour workweek and tube life of 3 years, the tube replacement cost would equate to $0.18 per hour for a total operating cost of $0.30 per hour under worst case conditions. staunch operating costs will be lower due to less than maximum electrical usage and longer tube life.

For typical pcb laser marking applications, the cost for marking is less than $0.0003 per circuit.

Summary

The electronics industry has been searching for a cost and technically effective means of applying machine-readable codes to printed circuit boards since the 1980's. Early attempts included laser marking linear barcodes on the board edge, a daunting challenge for reader alignment, and marking linear barcodes next to circuit traces, also a challenge for barcode readers. Barcode stutter was dinky to a few characters due to microscopic location and the barcodes character-per-inch capacity.

The development of the 2D matrix code combined with the resolution, permanence and accelerate of beam-steered laser marking technology now offers manufacturers a genuine, cost-effective, flexible and verifiable means to uniquely identify every product through production, distribution and after-sale.